DINAMIKA PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA INTERNASIONAL : REFORMASI MEKANISME DARI NAFTA KE USMCA
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji dinamika penyelesaian sengketa internasional dalam konteks reformasi mekanisme dari NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) ke USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement). Pergantian rezim perjanjian dagang ini mencerminkan perubahan signifikan dalam pendekatan hukum dan kebijakan penyelesaian sengketa antar negara anggota. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Apa perbedaan substansial antara mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa dalam NAFTA dan USMCA dan Bagaimana reformasi tersebut memengaruhi efektivitas dan keadilan dalam penyelesaian sengketa perdagangan internasional di kawasan Amerika Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pergeseran prinsip hukum dan struktur institusional dalam mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa antara NAFTA dan USMCA, serta mengevaluasi sejauh mana reformasi tersebut mampu meningkatkan kepastian hukum, perlindungan investor, dan keseimbangan kepentingan nasional masing-masing negara. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan komparatif, dengan analisis terhadap isi teks perjanjian NAFTA dan USMCA, ditambah dengan studi kasus penyelesaian sengketa yang terjadi di bawah kedua perjanjian tersebut. Pendekatan ini dilengkapi dengan data sekunder dari jurnal hukum internasional, laporan pemerintah, dan publikasi resmi badan penyelesaian sengketa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa USMCA membawa sejumlah perubahan krusial, termasuk reformasi mekanisme investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), penguatan peran negara dalam perlindungan regulasi domestik, serta peningkatan transparansi proses arbitrase. Dibandingkan NAFTA, USMCA cenderung lebih membatasi hak investor asing dalam menggugat negara, namun memperluas ruang dialog antar pemerintah. Reformasi ini mencerminkan dinamika baru dalam hubungan perdagangan internasional yang lebih berimbang namun tetap kompleks.
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